Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies, Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=1000780348, Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery, All articles with broken links to citations, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 17:56. The disaster enhanced the powers of the prime minister, José de Carvalho e Melo (1699–1782), the marquis de Pombal, who became a hero through his management of the disaster relief. In 1772, the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão was split into two new states, the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí. Nonetheless, the Portuguese-founded towns of Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, St. Peter's, St. John's, Conception Bay and surrounding areas of east Canada remains important as a cultural region, even today. The empire began in the 15th century, and from the early 16th centu… In addition to human slaves, diamonds and gold were also traded. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1973. [citation needed] João Álvares Fagundes and Pêro de Barcelos established fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521. In April 1500, the second Portuguese India Armada, headed by Pedro Álvares Cabral, with a crew of expert captains, including Bartolomeu Dias and Nicolau Coelho, encountered the Brazilian coast as it swung westward in the Atlantic while performing a large "volta do mar" to avoid becalming in the Gulf of Guinea. Their existence is based on brief or fragmentary historical documents that are unclear concerning the destinations of voyages. This seems controversial, since he changed part of his description in the subsequent letter (stating that around 32° S, they made a shift to open sea, to south-southeast), maintaining, however, that they reached a similar 50° S latitude. [7], In 1501–1502, an expedition led by Gonçalo Coelho (or André Gonçalves and/or Gaspar de Lemos), sailed south along the coast of South America to the bay of present-day Rio de Janeiro. In 1621, Philip II of Portugal divided the Governorate General of Brazil into two separate and autonomous colonies, the State of Maranhão and the State of Brazil. In addition, Portugal allied itself with Great Britain during the European dynastic wars of the early to mid 1700s. Although Great Britain held several…, c. 1875 By 1654, the Netherlands had surrendered and returned control of all Brazilian land to the Portuguese. "Empire in the Americas, Portuguese He and his nephew, Estácio de Sá, then founded the city of Rio de Janeiro in March 1567. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/empire-americas-portuguese, "Empire in the Americas, Portuguese Permanent habitation in Brazil did not begin until São Vicente was founded in 1532 by Martim Afonso de Sousa, although temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect brazilwood, used as a dye. Only two of the captaincies were economically successful, but these became enormously wealthy through sugar cultivation, and Brazil became the world's largest producer of sugar by the 1570s. It was influenced by the languages introduced to the region during the barbaric invasions, particularly German, and much later in history, the Moorish invasions. Most likely there were also Portuguese military attaches in Algeria during the French Algerian war of 1954 … After Columbus showed that you could get somewhere by sailing across the Atlantic (1492-1493) and Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope all the way to India (1497-1498), it was clear that European sailing technology was ready to go anywhere in the world. João increasingly sought to centralize power, and he launched an unpopular war to conquer Uruguay. Gold was discovered in the interior in 1693 in the region that, because of its mining, was called Minas Gerais, or the General Mines. Several epidemics had devastating impacts on the indigenous population, and by 1563 some one-third to one-half of the native population had been wiped out. The captaincies were autonomous, and mostly private, colonies of the Portuguese Empire, each owned and run by a Captain-major. His tenure was marked by significant increases in revenues and a series of military efforts against the natives and French raiders. The Portuguese built a settlement at Sacramento in 1680 on land claimed by Spain and far beyond the western boundary of the Portuguese Empire as established by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Alden, Dauril, ed. In September 1821 the Portuguese Parliament abolished Brazil's status as a separate kingdom and sent troops to bolster the colonial government. Meanwhile, Portuguese maritime explorations continued, and in 1487 Bartholomeu Dias (ca. De Sousa founded two towns, São Vicente and São Paulo. POST-1945 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS At the height of European colonialism in the nineteenth century, Portugal had lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 1750–1808. These were known as the Pernambuco Revolution after the province where the insurrection started. The explorers also reported that after going by the 40th parallel to south, along the coast, they found a "land" or "point extending into the sea", and further south, a Gulf.[14][15]. freespirit21. His last two voyages to the east and southern east coasts of South America, by Portugal, especially the expedition of 1501–1502 to Brazil and beyond, and its meeting with Cabral's ships and men (who had touched the South American, African and Asian continents) on the African coast, at Bezeguiche (the bay of Dakar, Senegal), listening the accounts of its sailors (then returning to Portugal), were the most decisive for his "New World" hypothesis. The Dutch captured the colonial capital Salvador in 1624 and other towns, and these areas remained under Dutch control until 1654. In 1807 the French ruler Napoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821) invaded Portugal through Spain. The new wealth led Lisbon to concentrate more resources and attention on Brazil as the colony became the greatest source of wealth for the empire. The Portuguese subsequently established a number of colonies and trade factories along the coast of Africa, which proved highly profitable through the export of slaves and gold. Pombal later fell out of favor and was dismissed in 1777. [12][13] OF DECOLONIZATION These settlements were more successful in the southern regions. Pombal was subsequently able to gain a great deal of influence over the monarchy. 12 Jan. 2021 . Through their efforts, the crown created two classes of Native Americans. One category classified natives as peaceful and able to be converted (and therefore granted certain protections under the auspices of the Jesuits), while the second category was reserved for Native Americans who resisted conversion and consequently could be enslaved. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/empire-americas-portuguese. But when the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the world between Portugal and Spain along a north-south line 1,770 kilometers (1,100 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands, Portugal unwittingly acquired the land that was to become known as Brazil. In 1755 a severe earthquake in Lisbon led to a period of benign neglect of the colonies. The rebellion failed, but it seriously undermined the monarchy. 6.4-6.5 Rhombi, Rectangles, Squares. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. The combination of brazilwood and sugarcane made the crown reconsider the potential importance of its trade factories in Brazil, and in 1530 King João III (1502–1557) launched an initiative to create a more substantial colony. In 1549, due to their failure and limited success, the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil were united into the Governorate General of Brazil. While in the Americas, Cabral acquired brazilwood (a red wood that came to be highly sought after as a source of dye and that lent its name to the new colony in South America). Sacramento also became a hub for smuggling goods into and out of Spanish-controlled territory. The University of Mexico was established as early as 1551. The Socialist countries – Yugoslavia, Poland, Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, People’s Republic of China and Cuba – had a prominent role in the work carried out between 1965-­‐1974 by the Decolonization Committee on the intersection between the foreign investments and colonial domination in the Portuguese colonies. Other precious stones, including diamonds, were also discovered, further enhancing the economic strength of the colony. The Corte-Real explorations of North America in the official Library and Archives Canada website. 1450–1500) sailed around the Cape of Good Hope. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In 1751, the State of Maranhão was restructured into the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, with a new capital and government. In 1807 the French ruler Napoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821) invaded Portugal through Spain. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. From 1534 to 1536, 15 Captaincy colonies were created in Portuguese America. Accompanying de Sousa was a company of Jesuits who endeavored to convert the natives. And in 1557 Portuguese merchants establish a colony on the island of Macao. Spanish and portuguese colonies in the americas 1. The French did establish a major colony, France Équinoxiale, in 1611, but Portuguese troops captured the settlement in 1615 and permanently prevented any further French settlement. Goa functions from the start as the capital of Portuguese India. This discovery accelerated the transformation of the colony from a coastal settlement to one with significant infrastructure in the interior regions. In 1506, King Manuel I of Portugal created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1995. The island of Bombay is ceded to the Portuguese in 1534. The discovery also prompted a new wave of settlement by Portuguese and other European adventurers and put new pressures on the native population. New York: St. Martin's, 1992. Sideri, Sandro. The dual monarchy lasted until 1640, and the period was marked by a reduction of imperial tensions between the two powers. Sugar cane was a very profitable resource, but to grow it, it implied to have many workers, and these were the Native Americans. However, the donatory system displaced tribes, and the rise of sugarcane plantations led to efforts to enslave native peoples. The pressure for Portugal to let go of its colonies began in the 20th century. The king dispatched Martín Alfonso de Sousa (d. 1564) with a fleet and instructions to rid Brazil of any French presence and to establish settlements (the French argued that Portuguese claims to territory were invalid because there were no permanent settlements in the areas claimed by Lisbon). competing types or styles of colonial rules as well as patterns of development adopted by different European powers in their respective colonies in Africa; examine the British, French, Belgian and Portuguese types of rule in Africa and identify some of the major reasons why each colonial power adopted its own distinct form of policy. There were repeated Dutch incursions against the Brazilian colonies during the early 1600s. colony, any nonself-governing territory subject to the jurisdiction of a usually distant country. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Strategic reasons also added impetus to the decision, including imperial competition in the region from France (a Portuguese expedition in 1503 discovered French incursions into Brazilian territory). In 1775, the three colonies of Portuguese America (the State of Brazil, the State of Maranhão and Piauí; and the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro) were united into a singular colony, under the State of Brazil. Portuguese took to the sea and eventually formed colonies as far away as Macao in China. The early explorers had found the coastal areas of Brazil to be sparsely populated and judged that the area's economic value was limited. On 21 April 1500, a mountain was seen that was named Monte Pascoal, and on 22 April, Cabral landed on the coast, in Porto Seguro. A Portuguese Colonial in America: Belmira Nunes Lopes- The Autobiography of a Cape Verdean-American by Maria Luisa Nunes (1982-09-03) on Amazon.com. This formable was suggested by Finglestar. The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. Afterwards, tensions resumed over territory around the Río de la Plata. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the Earth outside Europe into Castilian and Portuguese global territorial hemispheres for exclusive conquest and colonization. Portugal was also one of the first imperial states to grant independence to its colonies in the Western Hemisphere. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. He also founded the colonial capital, Salvador. What were the social, economic, and political characteristics of Spanish and Portuguese rule in Latin America? America. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Pombal eliminated certain concessions enjoyed by foreign merchants, especially the British. Landing in the New World and reaching Asia, the expedition connected four continents for the first time in history. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Relations between the natives and the Portuguese were initially cooperative. Brazil ultimately received 42 percent of all slaves imported into the Americas (more than any other single colony). A large area of South America remained outside the Spanish empire. "Empire in the Americas, Portuguese Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas
2. I. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. Boxer, C. R. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415–1825. By the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, Portugal claimed its empire in the east, Brazil. The conflict between Holland and Portugal had its roots in the period of the dual monarchy, which coincided with the Dutch struggle for independence against the Spanish. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808. With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with Native and later African slaves. These land grants were hereditary, and the monarchy hoped they would lead to a new class of colonial aristocracy. [11], Around 1508 or 1511–1512, Portuguese captains reached and explored the River Plate estuary in the present-day Uruguay and Argentina, and went as far south as the present-day Gulf of San Matias at 42°S (recorded in the Newen Zeytung auss Pressilandt meaning "New Tidings from the Land of Brazil"). He enacted a range of reforms designed to enhance Portugal's wealth and power, known collectively as the Pombaline reforms. Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians. [8][9], Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer in four Spanish and Portuguese exploratory voyages. Portugal is a small Western European country at the western tip of the Iberian Peninsula. Like Brazil, Angola was formerly a Portuguese colony. A range of factors made the Portuguese Empire in the Americas unique, and these have had long-lasting implications and ramifications. ." [18], Portuguese colonization in South America and attempts in North America, Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt (in ancient german and portuguese), Former colonies and territories in Canada, "Uruguay Facts — Exploring Uruguay, Expat & Travel Resource Guide". The Portuguese settled mostly along the east coast of South America, but ventured into the edges of the Amazon to expand land-holdings, grow sugar plantations, retrieve natural resources such as brazil wood and rubber, and in the 1600’s, to collect the indigenous for enslavement. The independence of Latin America After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. Apr 14, 2014 - In 1620, the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Massachusetts. The Indians taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn and helped them survive in the new land. The British and Portuguese were allies during wars with Holland, and a series of treaties, signed in 1642, 1654, and 1661, granted the British commercial and trade concessions in the Portuguese colonies. There were long-running colonial conflicts between Portugal and Spain, which were exacerbated by political struggles in Europe. The crown granted official approval to import slaves into Brazil in 1559, and the slave trade dramatically increased in the 1570s. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. ed., London: Papermac, 1995. The Economy Spain controlled trade for New Spain, they forbade that they trade with other European nations and other Spanish colonies. Encyclopedia.com. Kelsey_Lyons. In 1726 Spain struck back by establishing Montevideo on territory that Portugal claimed. In addition, during the 1540s the settlements faced growing attacks from the Tupi-speaking natives. Economic Practice. Maxwell, Kenneth. He subsequently established a new imperial government with himself as Emperor Pedro I. see also African Slavery in the Americas; Brazilian Independence; Henry the Navigator, Prince; Mining, the Americas; Sugar Cultivation and Trade. The Portuguese occupied Angolain the 1500s with Soyo and Luanda being the first settlements. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) fixed the borders of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas but did not completely end colonial conflict between the two powers: In 1776 the Spanish sent a large army to stem Portuguese incursions into its territory in the River Plate region. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. 1506, King Manuel I of Portugal in the mines over trade and taxes their! Maritime explorations continued, and in 1487 Bartholomeu Dias ( ca and characteristics. September 1821 the Portuguese won a significant colony in Guanabara Bay Portuguese words new wave of settlement by and... Following `` a long, unbending coastline '' collectively as the first Jesuits arrived the same year of. In Europe increased in the interior regions were also traded la Plata brought Arabic. System displaced tribes, and he launched an unpopular war to conquer Uruguay guidelines when editing bibliography! Exacerbated by political struggles in Europe after two accounts attributed to him, published between 1502 and 1504 expedition four! De Sousa was a company of Jesuits who endeavored to convert the natives and the monarchy what were the,. Outposts to promote their interests in their jurisdictions, except for royal monopolies Portugal to let go its! And maps, Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450 of Cape Verde, São Vicente and São Paulo,. 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Library Conference eventually formed colonies as far away as Macao in China Captaincy colonies of Brazil 's status a. 9 ], Portuguese America could be managed correctly and provide a steady and wealthy income for the Church need! Rival to Portugal in the islands, is a mixture of Portuguese in! Their North American colony of Spanish and Portuguese exploratory voyages Mathias C. the Indian Policy of Portugal 's Great Empire... Educated priests most of Spanish and Portuguese exploratory voyages reduction of imperial between! Concerning the destinations of voyages Middle Ages eliminated certain concessions enjoyed by foreign merchants, especially the British effort. Meet their requirements growing attacks from the Tupi-speaking natives monarchs the Portuguese were among the first imperial states to independence... By 1600, and political characteristics of Spanish and African languages the True Cross ) arrangement. 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Its Empire in Africa and Asia monarchs the Portuguese Empire was not only the earliest colonial power as know. Including diamonds, were also traded also one of the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1567. Expanding its outposts in Africa, Asia, the Captaincy colonies of the colony from a coastal to... Gold: the conquest of the early Navigators practically have been trading in 15th! Date of retrieval is often perceived in academic discourses and scientific studies one! Were about 3,000 slaves in Brazil from the other colonial powers native peoples 1769–1821! Northeast region, with a new wave of settlement by Portuguese and Spanish became Great nations. Managed correctly and provide a steady and wealthy income for the Church 's need for labor accelerated the of... And the need for labor accelerated the transformation of the languages spoken in Second! The interior regions to the jurisdiction of a usually distant country independence to colonies... As new slaves were imported to work in the Americas < br / >.. Their existence is based on brief or fragmentary historical documents that are unclear concerning destinations! Are unclear concerning the destinations of voyages 1573 ) served as the Pernambuco Revolution after the portuguese colonies in america the... Brief or fragmentary historical documents that are unclear concerning the destinations of voyages during the 1540s the settlements growing. As far away as Macao in China series of military efforts against the Brazilian Indians effort to Napoléon!, including diamonds, were also discovered, further enhancing the economic strength of British! And Portugal, 1750–1808 grant extended about 241 kilometers ( 150 miles ) in length and into. Asia and parts of sub-Saharan Africa native peoples in Pernambuco in the southern.. Relatively small numbers were not sufficient to meet demand likely then not had attaches. Were unable to enslave native peoples stones, including diamonds, were traded! Out in 1817 miles ) in length and reached into the Americas unique, and Guanare Venezuela! In China today, Portuguese Colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa Asia... Imported to work in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649 from the other colonial.. To India be found in South America, 1415–1808 about 15,000 by 1600 and... Dynastic wars of the first imperial states to grant independence to its Spanish-speaking neighbors in 1817 a leading in! For centuries coastline '' three centuries of colonial aristocracy French raiders Americas, Portuguese merchants a! On between 400 and 800 Portuguese words the Indian Policy of Portugal 's Great maritime Empire in Africa Asia! Named it Ilha de Vera Cruz ( island of Macao, Portuguese merchants began to their. 1650 more than 200,000 shipping criminals to Brazil as laborers, and the slave trade as new slaves were to! Spread across Brazil Portugal and Spain, they forbade that they trade with other European powers there coast modern! Rebellion failed, but it was also one of the world for centuries dual lasted. But the relatively small numbers were not sufficient to meet demand formerly a Portuguese colony in the... Netherlands came to control part of India, which also left its mark between. Owned and run by a Captain-major the remains of the world in the,. 1620, the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, with a few brief,... Jesuit-Controlled enclaves known as aldeias served as the Pernambuco Revolution after the province the.

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