. It was held by the Byzantine Empire after the fall of Rome in the West and even the Lombards failed to consolidate it, though the centre of the south was theirs from Zotto's conquest in the final quarter of the 6th century. Caesar reconciled the two more powerful men in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, his sponsor, and Crassus' rival, Pompey. [54], Italian towns had appeared to have exited from Feudalism, so that their society was based on merchants and commerce. After defeating the Macedonian and Seleucid Empires in the 2nd century BCE, the Romans became the dominant people of the Mediterranean Sea. Liberal Italy had allied itself with Germany and Austria, and had great ambitions in the Balkans and North Africa. Eventually, after years of inconclusive fighting, with the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) France renounced all its claims in Italy thus inaugurating a long Habsburg hegemony over the Peninsula. At the time Italy had about 2,500 military aircraft in service. [55] Even northern cities and states were also notable for their merchant republics, especially the Republic of Venice. (In addition, the Nationalist Spanish Navy sank 48 Republican and 44 foreign merchant ships, for a total of 240,000 tons, and captured 202 Republican and 23 foreign merchant ships, for a total of 330,000 tons.)[122]. Keeping both direct Church control and Imperial power at arm's length, the many independent city states prospered through commerce, based on early capitalist principles ultimately creating the conditions for the artistic and intellectual changes produced by the Renaissance. An original Hellenic civilization soon developed, later interacting with the native Italic and Latin civilisations. [157][158] The measures, despite being widely approved by public opinion,[159] were also described as the largest suppression of constitutional rights in the history of the republic. 88, . Mercenaries were also a constant threat to their employers; if not paid, they often turned on their patron. Italy - Italy - Italy from 1870 to 1945: After the conquest of Rome in 1870, Italian politicians settled down to manage the economy, to build up the country’s military power, and—in the telling phrase of the Piedmontese author and statesman Massimo d’Azeglio—to “make Italians.” Popular disaffection remained high, especially because of the grist tax that had been introduced in 1869. La biblioteca di Repubblica, 2004. pp.342, Dalle grandi rivoluzioni alla Restaurazione. Hesitance remained from the King and military commander Pietro Badoglio who warned Mussolini that Italy had too few tanks, armoured vehicles, and aircraft available to be able to carry out a long-term war and Badoglio told Mussolini "It is suicide" for Italy to get involved in the European conflict. FROM THE FOUirDATION OF THE CITY OF ROME TO THEESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC. Brief Overview of the History of Turkey Turkey is located at the crossroads between Europe and Asia. 800 BC. Gallic and Gallo-Roman helmets of Celtic warriors. The most famous is perhaps that of Ötzi the Iceman, the mummy of a mountain hunter found in the Similaun glacier in South Tyrol, dating to c. 3400–3100 BC (Copper Age). Since classical times, ancient Phoenicians, Greeks, Etruscans, and Celts have inhabited the Italian Peninsula, with various Italic peoples dispersed throughout Italy alongside other ancient Italian tribes and Greek, Carthaginian, and Phoenician colonies. The Fascists rejected Giolitti's offers and joined with socialists in bringing down his government.[114]. 75-Year History TOP > A 75-Year History through Data > Overall Chronological Table > 1867-1910; Overall Chronological Table. Little is certain about the history of the Roman Kingdom, as nearly no written records from that time survive, and the histories about it that were written during the Republic and Empire are largely based on legends. Along with Maecenas, he stimulated patriotic poems, as Vergil's epic Aeneid and also historiographical works, like those of Livy. Italy was the main center of the Renaissance, whose flourishing of the arts, architecture, literature, science, historiography, and political theory influenced all of Europe. It has been hypothesized that the ancient Sardinians, or part of them, could be identified with one of the so-called Peoples of the Sea (in particular, the Sherden) who attacked ancient Egypt and other regions of eastern Mediterranean. However, the southern regions of the young nation remained rural and poor, originating the Italian diaspora. [46], Despite its military strength, the Empire made few efforts to expand its already vast extent; the most notable being the conquest of Britain, begun by emperor Claudius (47), and emperor Trajan's conquest of Dacia (101–102, 105–106). Mussolini tried to calm his ally by stating that he would be in Athens in two weeks time invasion of Greece. The origins of the Etruscans are lost in prehistory. In 1923, Mussolini's coalition passed the electoral Acerbo Law, which assigned two thirds of the seats to the party that achieved at least 25% of the vote. The pope at the time, Pius IX, feared that giving up power in the region could mean the persecution of Italian Catholics.[88]. The Roman Republic was formed out of the papal holdings while the pope himself was sent to France. The revolutionaries were so feared that the reigning authorities passed an ordinance condemning to death anyone who attended a Carbonari meeting. Renaissance politics developed from this background. Europe's worst earthquake, centered on the strait of Messina, kills up to 200,000 people in Sicily and southern Italy. The most popular sport in … In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. Its forces had "more than their share of handicaps. Italy was a large, poor country whose political system was chaotic, its finances were heavily strained, and its army was very poorly prepared. Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, the eastern border area was annexed by Yugoslavia causing the Istrian exodus, while Italy lost all its overseas possessions. Some of these led to the development of Western philosophy, science and art, that remained central during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Each day it presents a summary of one event that occurred on that day in history. This situation was shaken in 1796, when the French Army of Italy under Napoleon invaded Italy, with the aims of forcing the First Coalition to abandon Sardinia (where they had created an anti-revolutionary puppet-ruler) and forcing Austria to withdraw from Italy. Italy's military failures against France, Greece, Yugoslavia and in the African Theatres of war shook Italy's new prestige mightily. Decades later, the armies of Eastern Emperor Justinian entered Italy with the goal of re-establishing imperial Roman rule, which led to the Gothic War that devastated the whole country with famine and epidemics. Chronological Tables. In April 1996, national elections led to the victory of a centre-left coalition under the leadership of Romano Prodi. [36], In the mid-1st century BCE, the Republic faced a period of political crisis and social unrest. Artistic and literary sentiment also turned towards nationalism; and perhaps the most famous of proto-nationalist works was Alessandro Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed). However, the history of the Roman Kingdom began with the city's founding, traditionally dated to 753 BCE with settlements around the Palatine Hill along the river Tiber in Central Italy, and ended with the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of the Republic in about 509 BCE. His leadership brought the zenith of the Roman civilization, that lasted for four decades. 1940 – Italian Start of WWII, Italy invades Greece from occupied Albania. As of 1950, the European Coal and Steel Community begins to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting peace. The works of this literary age lasted through Roman times, and are classics. A Chronological Table of Universal History Extending from the Earliest Times to the Year 1892. During the same period, Italy saw the rise of the Maritime Republics: Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Amalfi, Ragusa, Ancona, Gaeta and the little Noli. In the 3rd century BCE Rome had to face a new and formidable opponent: the powerful Phoenician city-state of Carthage. The Alliance successfully fought and defeated the Franco-Spanish "Party of the Two Crowns", and the subsequent Treaty of Utrecht and Rastatt pass control of much of Italy (Milan, Naples and Sardinia) from Spain to Austria, while Sicily was ceded to the Duchy of Savoy. Meanwhile, armed insurrections (e.g. At the same time, the so-called Biennio Rosso (red biennium) took place in the two years following the first world war in a context of economic crisis, high unemployment and political instability. [124] At this point, Mussolini had little choice but to join Hitler in international politics, thus he reluctantly abandoned its support of Austrian independence. A history of Rome with a map of Italy and ample chronological table . [85], The leader of the 1821 revolutionary movement in Piedmont was Santorre di Santarosa, who wanted to remove the Austrians and unify Italy under the House of Savoy. [90] Of course, there had to be some basis for singling out the South like Italy did. The government imposed high wage scales, as well as collective bargaining and insurance schemes. Originally arising from dynastic disputes over the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples, the wars rapidly became a general struggle for power and territory among their various participants, marked with an increasing number of alliances, counter-alliances, and betrayals. Berlusconi, however, was forced to step down in December 1994 when his Lega Nord partners withdrew support. "Political History in Italy,". • Thomas Bartlett (1841). Soccer History Timeline - the most important events in soccer history from its origin to the present time. The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of concerted efforts by Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula. The first European to arrive in the area was Christopher Columbus and the first to make landfall was Ponce de Leon who landed at Florida. Warfare between the states was common, invasion from outside Italy confined to intermittent sorties of Holy Roman Emperors. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae the Germans were virtually annihilated, which ended the threat. Chronological directory of successful and attempted assassinations in history. [15] Remains of the later prehistoric age have been found in Lombardy (stone carvings in Valcamonica) and in Sardinia (nuraghe). Industrial wages kept pace but not wages for farm workers. Among these monarchs were the viceroy of Italy, Eugène de Beauharnais, who tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the Kingdom of Italy, and Joachim Murat, who called for Italian patriots' help for the unification of Italy under his rule. Two prominent radical figures in the unification movement were Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi. The highest mountain peak in Italy is Monte Bianco, better known as Mont Blanc, which is 4 807 m or 15 776 ft. high. Herlihy, David, Robert S. Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev, eds.. Kohl, Benjamin G. and Allison Andrews Smith, eds. King Emmanuel agreed to the alliance and the Third Italian War of Independence began. 750 BC. . The Renaissance was so called because it was a "rebirth" not only of economy and urbanization, but also of arts and science. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014 (for a total of 300 days), as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of Matteo Renzi, the 39-year-old mayor of Florence and nicknamed "Il Rottamatore" (The scrapper), who succeeded Letta as Prime Minister at the head of a new government with three centre parties, New Centre-Right, Civic Choice and Union of the Centre. If we reckon the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from the dedication of Constantinople in 330 until its fall to the Ottomans in 1453, the empire endured for some 1,123 years. On 2 June 1946, the republican side won 54% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic. Many Italian generals and officers earned our respect as men as well as soldiers". Prodi won with only a slim majority in the Senate, also due to the new proportional electoral law introduced by Berlusconi and Calderoli in 2005. The mercenaries were not willing to risk their lives unduly, and war became one largely of sieges and maneuvering, occasioning few pitched battles. The Fascist regime held negative relations with Yugoslavia, as it continued to claim Dalmatia. It has been argued that this cultural rebirth was fuelled by massive rediscoveries of ancient texts that had been forgotten for centuries by Western civilization, hidden in monastic libraries or in the Islamic world, as well as the translations of Greek and Arabic texts into Latin. Tuscan architecture and painting soon became a model for all the city-states of northern and central Italy, as the Tuscan variety of Italian language came to predominate throughout the region, especially in literature. History of Germany. Yet cultural contributions notwithstanding, some present-day historians also see the era as one of the beginning of economic regression for Italy (due to the opening up of the Atlantic trade routes and repeated foreign invasions) and of little progress in experimental science, which made its great leaps forward among Protestant culture in the 17th century. The Berlusconi government was succeeded by a technical government headed by Prime Minister Lamberto Dini, which left office in early 1996. The most important cultural transplant was the Chalcidean/Cumaean variety of the Greek alphabet, which was adopted by the Etruscans; the Old Italic alphabet subsequently evolved into the Latin alphabet, which became the most widely used alphabet in the world. The political and social events in the restoration period of Italy (1815–1835) led to popular uprisings throughout the peninsula and greatly shaped what would become the Italian Wars of Independence. The Congress of Vienna (1814) restored the situation of the late 18th century, which was however quickly overturned by the incipient movement of Italian unification. "[131] Historians have long debated why Italy's military and its Fascist regime were so remarkably ineffective at an activity – war – that was central to their identity. The path to unification and modernization created a divide between Northern and Southern Italy. Their effective use is still debated: some scholars considered them as fortresses, others as temples. This led to the loss of their north provinces. [98], The overwhelming attention paid to foreign policy alienated the agricultural community which needed help. History of Italy continued. There was aggravation by lower class Italians to the break-up of communal lands which benefited only landlords. Due to concerns of German expansionism, Italy joined the Stresa Front with France and the United Kingdom, which existed from 1935 to 1936. Leonzio Pilato made an almost word for word translation of Homer's works into Latin for Giovanni Boccaccio. 1935 – Italy Invades Ethiopia, Subsequently banned from League of Nations. The cowl or hood. Lepidus was forced to retire in 36 BCE after betraying Octavian in Sicily. The Roman Empire was instrumental in creating the foundations for modern society, Florence was central to the Renaissance movement and Rome houses the head of one of the world's largest religions. In 751 the Lombards seized Ravenna, ending Eastern Roman rule in central Italy. A native of New York City, when he is not traveling, he can find an abundance of cultural influences right in his own city, enough to keep him satisfied until the next country's beckon cannot be ignored any longer. King Meisko adopted Christianity as the national religion. A constitution, the Statuto Albertino was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848, under liberal pressure. 32. [154][155], In 2020, Italy was severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The king of Italy was gunned down by an anarchist from New Jersey, Gaetano Bresci on July 29, 1900, at Monza, Italy. Here their interests collided with those of the Greeks, especially in the 6th century BCE, when Phoceans of Italy founded colonies along the coast of France, Catalonia and Corsica. Interactive World History Atlas since 3000 BC Follow us World History Maps & Timelines. [nb 1]. Italy took the initiative in entering the war in spring 1915, despite strong popular and elite sentiment in favor of neutrality. The second government of Depretis started in 1881. The victory against Austria allowed Italy to annex Venice. Christopher Duggan, using private diaries and letters, and secret police files, argues that Mussolini enjoyed a strong, wide base of popular support among ordinary people across Italy. All these new countries were satellites of France, and had to pay large subsidies to Paris, as well as provide military support for Napoleon's wars. As war approached in 1939, the Fascist regime stepped up an aggressive press campaign against France claiming that Italian people were suffering in France. Friction continued over the Catholic Action youth network, which Mussolini wanted to merge into his Fascist youth group. 28. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY of PARIS: If you ever wondered why Parisians are wary of outsiders, you have only to examine the city's turbulent history and its record of invasions by foreigners of every ilk, including the Romans, Huns, Normans, English, and Germans -- to name a few. The King was forced to choose which of the two rival movements in Italy would form the government: Mussolini's Fascists, or the marxist Italian Socialist Party. Britain was willing to pay subsidies and loans to get 36 million Italians as new allies who threatened the southern flank of Austria. 1809 – Napoleon occupies Rome, exiles the Pope Pius VII, seizes the Papal art collections for the Louvre in Paris. Apr 6, 1870. Depretis enacted controversial legislation for the time, such as abolishing arrest for debt, making elementary education free and compulsory while ending compulsory religious teaching in elementary schools.[95]. [96] In 1887, Depretis was finally pushed out of office after years of political decline. You will explore Blacks in ancient art history, learn about the powerful ancient Kushite Kingdom, that once ruled Egypt, and meet ancient Black history’s most important historian, Dr. Frank Martin Snowden Jr., and much more! Early modern Italy (16th to 18th centuries) From the 1490s through the 17th-century crisis. However, Spain attempted again to retake territories in Italy and to claim the French throne in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720), but was again defeated. The theory of Trasformismo was that a cabinet should select a variety of moderates and capable politicians from a non-partisan perspective. [27], In the 4th century BCE the Republic came under attack by the Gauls, who initially prevailed and sacked Rome. In 1925, Italy forced Albania to become a de facto protectorate. After the Revolutions of 1848, the apparent leader of the Italian unification movement was Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi. Giolitti believed that the Fascists could be toned down and used to protect the monarchy from the socialists. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. Fiat managed to remain at the cutting edge of car manufacturing technology, enabling it to expand production, foreign sales, and profits.[143]. After Germany annexed Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Mussolini decided to occupy Albania to avoid becoming second-rate member of the Axis. Search Results. Some inscriptions in a similar language have been found on the Aegean island of Lemnos. His book, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians, was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. In 1870, France started the Franco-Prussian War and brought home its soldiers in Rome, where they had kept the pope in power. Partly because of this, the Papacy had relocated to Avignon in France. [137] During the Second Battle of El Alamein the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment exhibited a strong regimental spirit in the fight for Hill 28 that impressed Rommel to comment positively. Italy Timeline. However Stalinism was a powerful political force. Florence took Pisa in 1406, Venice captured Padua and Verona, while the Duchy of Milan annexed a number of nearby areas including Pavia and Parma. 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